8.7? 8.7 AFTERSHOCK?!?!
I was pretty amazed when I heard about Indonesia's latest earthquake. Of course I was amazed at the original 9.1 shock. I've followed earthquakes, seismology, and geophysics in general quite a bit since junior high (yes, I was a nerd), and so I think I know a thing or two about them. The most important thing to know about earthquakes is we don't know nearly enough about them!
TSUNAMI!... not!
So immediately, everyone was concerned about the subsequent tsunami - and rightfully so. Yesterday's quake was a close cousin of the previous one, whose wave killed >200,000. Same fault line (undersea), same approx. depth, same approx. magnitude (well, in the neighborhood). But no tsunami. Why?
It's been interesting to me to see this "why"question start to emerge in the media coverage. Even funnier to see a news teaser such as, "Why no tsunami? Tune in at 11 to find out!" - only to tune in and get the expected "We don't know."
And we don't know. The historical record of major coastal quakes reveals a seeming randomness as to whether a tsunami will result or not (and to further confuse things, whether the wave is preceded by a receding tide or just appears suddenly). Experts are only just beginnng to come to grips with some of the reasons, and are far from being able to predict at all.
Wave goodbye!
That is, most of us don't know. I noticed on The Weather Channel last night, a staff meteorologist (missed his name) offered an explanation that meshed with my own personal theory. (That is, the first quake had major vertical displacement of the sea floor which would push up a big wave; while the second quake involved mostly horizontal displacement - shear - which would not disturb the water above much.) What bothered me was that he explained this as fact and not theory, when it is much too early to really know.
Other explanations held that there was a wave, but while the first earthquake focused its energy north and west - towards India and Thailand - this earthquake focused its energy south - away from any landmasses and so went undetected. I should point out that this too is just speculation. I'm also not crystal clear on what is meant by "focused energy."
The Swarm
Aside from the lack of tsunami, the most important and shocking thing about this recent quake was its proximity - both in place and time - to the one in December, in conjunction with its astounding magnitude. I heard another guy on CNN I think (science advisor to the USGS?) explain that this was NOT an aftershock, that it occured on a separate segment of the same fault. Possible, but I'm going to wait and see.
[UPDATE: the large map on this page illustrates separate rupture zones on the fault, and these two recent quakes appear indeed to be on separate zones and still quite close together. Bear in mind that these quakes didn't happen at a single point, but rather ripped along the fault for 100s of kilometers - like a zipper. I want to presume that the epicenters shown are really just the start of the rip.]
I'm willing to entertain this theory because I can hardly imagine an after-shock of 8.7 - almost incomprehensible. An 8.7 is very very rare as a seismic event as it is. The USGS science advisor on CNN did acknowledge that the two earthquakes were almost certainly related (the first increasing stresses on nearby sections) so in a less strict sense it is an aftershock, but in a technical sense (on a different fault segment) it is not.
Bringing the subject back to me...
Finally, to introduce my new insight to the story. [EXCLUSIVE: MUST CREDIT EQUITUS]There's been increasing talk in the geophysics community in the past few years about earthquake "swarms" - major seismic events bunched up in space and time, one tremor setting up the area for another, etc. A few recent earthquakes in Turkey have a lot of prognosticators deeply worried about Istanbul as the next likely epicenter to an ongoing Turkish swarm. These earthquakes in Turkey are relatively small, in the 6-7 range, and their timing is spread out over many years.
Instead, I would look to the precedent of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-12, in southeast Missouri. These were a series (2 or 3) of very strong earthquakes - 8.1 or so - that occured in a span of only 3 or so months. Were they aftershocks or not? I don't know. But as far as size and proximity in time, I can't think of any other examples of such a serious "swarm" of earthquakes in recorded history.
That said, I have to admit the fault conditions in Indonesia and those in SE Missoura couldn't be more different.
TSUNAMI!... not!
So immediately, everyone was concerned about the subsequent tsunami - and rightfully so. Yesterday's quake was a close cousin of the previous one, whose wave killed >200,000. Same fault line (undersea), same approx. depth, same approx. magnitude (well, in the neighborhood). But no tsunami. Why?
It's been interesting to me to see this "why"question start to emerge in the media coverage. Even funnier to see a news teaser such as, "Why no tsunami? Tune in at 11 to find out!" - only to tune in and get the expected "We don't know."
And we don't know. The historical record of major coastal quakes reveals a seeming randomness as to whether a tsunami will result or not (and to further confuse things, whether the wave is preceded by a receding tide or just appears suddenly). Experts are only just beginnng to come to grips with some of the reasons, and are far from being able to predict at all.
Wave goodbye!
That is, most of us don't know. I noticed on The Weather Channel last night, a staff meteorologist (missed his name) offered an explanation that meshed with my own personal theory. (That is, the first quake had major vertical displacement of the sea floor which would push up a big wave; while the second quake involved mostly horizontal displacement - shear - which would not disturb the water above much.) What bothered me was that he explained this as fact and not theory, when it is much too early to really know.
Other explanations held that there was a wave, but while the first earthquake focused its energy north and west - towards India and Thailand - this earthquake focused its energy south - away from any landmasses and so went undetected. I should point out that this too is just speculation. I'm also not crystal clear on what is meant by "focused energy."
The Swarm
Aside from the lack of tsunami, the most important and shocking thing about this recent quake was its proximity - both in place and time - to the one in December, in conjunction with its astounding magnitude. I heard another guy on CNN I think (science advisor to the USGS?) explain that this was NOT an aftershock, that it occured on a separate segment of the same fault. Possible, but I'm going to wait and see.
[UPDATE: the large map on this page illustrates separate rupture zones on the fault, and these two recent quakes appear indeed to be on separate zones and still quite close together. Bear in mind that these quakes didn't happen at a single point, but rather ripped along the fault for 100s of kilometers - like a zipper. I want to presume that the epicenters shown are really just the start of the rip.]
I'm willing to entertain this theory because I can hardly imagine an after-shock of 8.7 - almost incomprehensible. An 8.7 is very very rare as a seismic event as it is. The USGS science advisor on CNN did acknowledge that the two earthquakes were almost certainly related (the first increasing stresses on nearby sections) so in a less strict sense it is an aftershock, but in a technical sense (on a different fault segment) it is not.
Bringing the subject back to me...
Finally, to introduce my new insight to the story. [EXCLUSIVE: MUST CREDIT EQUITUS]There's been increasing talk in the geophysics community in the past few years about earthquake "swarms" - major seismic events bunched up in space and time, one tremor setting up the area for another, etc. A few recent earthquakes in Turkey have a lot of prognosticators deeply worried about Istanbul as the next likely epicenter to an ongoing Turkish swarm. These earthquakes in Turkey are relatively small, in the 6-7 range, and their timing is spread out over many years.
Instead, I would look to the precedent of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-12, in southeast Missouri. These were a series (2 or 3) of very strong earthquakes - 8.1 or so - that occured in a span of only 3 or so months. Were they aftershocks or not? I don't know. But as far as size and proximity in time, I can't think of any other examples of such a serious "swarm" of earthquakes in recorded history.
That said, I have to admit the fault conditions in Indonesia and those in SE Missoura couldn't be more different.
